Hmmm. Sounds tough.
There are always more solutions than we have thought of.
But I also think we often worry about stuff we don't really need to. And are prone to thinking people are paying more attention to us than they really are.
I'd say BE BRAVE! Publish what you want where you want! But organise your home page to show a clear distinction between the professional articles and the more casual off-duty you.
If that feels like a step too far, then . ..
How about:
1. open a second Medium account for the articles you'd prefer your professional colleagues/clients not to know about.
2. change your name on THIS account to your preferred professional one and then delete any articles you aren't happy to have associated with your professional persona (and then respost them under the new account)
3. don't worry about comments you've written over the years. no-one will ever spot them. But in the unlikely event your boss spotted a comment you had made once . . .. . you could look thoroughly puzzled, and suggest it must have been a cloned account.
GOOD LUCK